1. If you attach jumper cables to your battery, don't let the other ends touch. It'll effectively short the battery terminals together. If the battery is hard to get to and you're worried about it going dead, a car style cigarette lighter plug can be used as a charging point. You just need a cable with a male lighter plug on either end. One in your plug, one in the vehicle with the good battery. You'll want to install it with 14 ga. wire and a 20 amp fuse.
2. 12 volts, no problem at all jumping them from a car. Both systems are 12 volts. Amps are the biggest difference between motorcycle and car batteries, and that's not a worry. You pull amps with your devices, you don't push them. Your battery will only take however many amps it wants, so long as the voltages match. Bear in mind however, that a good battery will actually read about 12.8 volts across the terminals.
3. I'd carry a few feet of 18 ga. If the repair is on a wire bigger than that, you can double up the 18 ga. until you get to where you can make a proper repair. It's small and light enough to be easy to work with, and heavy enough for practically every circuit on the bike. Make sure it's stranded core. For extra special fun, if you've made a cigarette lighter jumper cable, you can always cut that up for emergency wire. It'll save carrying two pieces.
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